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ID cards, AI and improved data are all important tools in the Nordic and Baltic regions’ fight against criminals operating in the labour market.

Precarious work, migration and weaker ties to the welfare state challenge the idea that the Nordic model provides workers with a strong safety net. The PrecaNord research project examines precarious and informal work in Finland, Norway and Sweden.

The Faroe Islands have many foreign workers and almost no labour market crime.

Since 1 June this year, anyone arriving from third countries who wants to work in Sweden have been required to earn at least 90 per cent of the Swedish monthly median wage. Some occupations with labour shortages, including in healthcare, are exempt, but uncertainty over migration policy makes more people hesitate about moving to Sweden.

The numer of immigrants workers has increased dramatically in Iceland since the turn of the century. In 2003 it was just over 5 per cent, last year it was 25 per cent. Kolbeinn Hólmar Stefánsson, an associate professor of economic sociology at the University of Iceland, says some industries would not manage without foreign workers.